To understand the chaotic relationship between Ethiopia and Eritrea – the second newest independent state in Africa – we have to return to the beginning of the twentieth century and the consequences of the many actions of the major powers in the region. The confrontation between Addis-Ababa and Asmara, a war lasting thirty or fifty years, seems to have evolved into a dialogue. Is the heritage of a common history and culture enough to ensure peace, despite the dictatorial aspects of the Eritrean regime ?