Ever since Spain’s integration into the European Union right up until 2012, Catalonia had become one of the leading references for regional action in Brussels. As a result, the Catalan nationalists have been pursuing their strategy of getting the issue of the « right to decide » on the agenda of every European chancellery. Puigdemont’s flight to Brussels following the October 2017 referendum and the short-lived declaration of independence has put the EU in a difficult position. The Supreme Court’s October 2019 sentence condemning the independentists unleashed urban violence. Will the election of Pedro Sánchez, with the support of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), make a political solution possible ? Nothing could be less certain as the institutional future will play out at several levels, between the Catalan people, between the State and Catalonia, and between the 17 autonomous communities and the EU member states.