For the last two centuries, the ways of teaching geography of France to the young French pupils from 9 to 11 years old have known many transformations. The objectives and the finality have changed. These transformations result from the general changes in pedagogical methods at school, but also from the particular changes of how the French conceive their own territory and national identity. Since the beginning of the 19th century Geography taught in primary schools differs from the geography made for colleges and high schools, which has remained for a long time within the tradition of historical geography from the Ancient time to the modern period. At the end of the 19th century, the 3rd French Republic put France and its colonies as the centre and the horizon of the geography studies. Geography at school was a main way to build up a national identity. In the 20th century, and more particularly during the sixties, thanks to the development of new media, space as perceived by young children became wider and more various. New curricula have been opened to new spatial dimensions: Europe and the world. The building of a national identity blends with regional, European and world wide scalar levels. Even if the latest curriculum (2008) is more focused on France.