The events of theWar in Spain raised the question of arms in a Spanish monarchy that had been obsessed since the sixteenth century by enforcing stricter controls of popular armament. The enhanced place of arms within the political world, as well as the mobilizations of 1808, combined with the first theoretical attempts developed from 1793 onwards to justify the armed mobilization against France. It is, therefore, part of the long-term history of the Spanish monarchy ; of its mid-term history in the replay of revolutionary events ; and its short-term history in the act of taking up of arms as embodying another model of popular mobilization. Far from having a monopoly on the « people in arms, » France found itself face to face with a massive and multifaceted armed mobilization in Spain. The proclamations and armament of the Spanish population further shows the progressive development of a « people in arms » formed on the triad of « King, Religion, Country ».