Between the defeat of Mohács in 1526 and the Treaty of Speyer in 1571, Hungary experienced the disintegration of the medieval state, the Ottoman conquest and the division of the ancient kingdom into three distinct parts. If dislocation on the aftermath of the defeat of Mohács with the double election of Ferdinand I and John I, for several decades the partition was considered only temporary, as if it didn’t affect the theoretical unity of the territories of the Holy Crown. Nevertheless, at the cost of difficult choices for the Hungarian Orders, and a fierce struggle between two sovereigns, the Principality of Transylvania emerged, both a new state and the persistence of medieval Hungary.